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A seemingly outstanding barrier to our field is that various disciplines with different themes of interest, goals, histories, and socioeconomic incentives are insufficiently connected. We believe that skilful dialog between the sometimes seemingly orthogonal perspectives and focuses of the academic disciplines (the humanities and sciences), modern medical disciplines, and spiritual, mystical or religious traditions, can lead to a fruitful, integrative synergy to advance our understanding of emergent experiences and development in all of their intricately related dimensions and complexity. It is to that end that the present framework was developed. After reviewing and synthesizing various existing such frameworks with overlapping aims (see below, section "main sources"), we came up with three major levels with further subdivisions, focusing on the individual first, then on the different aspects of social and cultural life, and finally the ecological level.


== Individual Level ==
== Individual Level ==


=== Subjectivity ===
=== Subjectivity ===
This covers all relevant domains of experiencing, which constitute the manifest world or the field of consciousness for a given individual from their own perceptual perspective. As is the case overall with this framework, not all domains will be of equal relevance. Note that from a phenomenological perspective, this is the "first-person view", while from a medical perspective, this corresponds to ''symptoms''.
This covers all relevant domains of experiencing, which constitute the manifest world or the field of consciousness for a given individual from their own perceptual perspective. As is the case overall with this framework, not all domains will be of equal relevance. Note that from a phenomenological perspective, this is the "first-person view", while from a medical perspective, this corresponds to ''symptoms''.


==== Aesthetics ====
{{hlist|[[Aesthetics]]|[[Arousal and vigilance/wakefulness]]|[[Beliefs and Worldviews]]|[[Cognition]]|[[Desire and Pleasure]]|[[Emotions]]|[[Existential domain]]|[[Intuition]]|[[Language, Symbols, and Meaning]]|[[Perception]]}}{{hlist|[[Psychology]]|[[Sense spheres]]|[[Sexuality]]|[[Space and Time]]|[[Values and Virtues]]|[[Will]]}}
The domain of aesthetic experiences is fundamental to human life and intersects deeply with EPEEs and related behavioral and sociocultural aspects. Experiences involving more or less central aesthetic aspects, a sense of beauty, of awe, of sublimity, etc., are very common. Culturally-speaking, most spiritual and mystical traditions exhibit elaborate aesthetics, which often draw on elements and themes of the sociocultural and natural environments. Many of the most valued aesthetic productions of a given culture are related with contemplative, psychedelic, mystical, etc., experiences often linked with religion and spirituality, including sacred arts in all forms of expressions – to stick with well-known european examples, music (think J.S. Bach), sculpture (think Bernini's ''Transverberation of Saint Teresa of Jesus),'' painting (Piero Della Francesca's ''Polyptych of Misericordia''), poetry (Dante's ''Divine comedy''), architecture (the pyramids, the cathedrals), etc. Remember Dostoyevsky: "Beauty will save the world".
=== Physiology and Biological systems ===
Third-person phenomenology, and what, to a medical doctor, would be the domain of "signs". A lot of the elements of in the previous section also manifest or have correlates on this level, but not all of them — for instance the content of mental images is hard to observe apart from a 1st person perspective. In the case of the physiology of emergence and emergent phenomena, it seems that e.g. the skeleton or the genome are unlikely to be changed much, while changes in more plastic components like the brain-immune-gut-system, heart-brain-axis, etc., could well be very significant mediators/correlates on the longer term.


Mystical and religious rituals and practices (liturgies, sadhanas, etc.) usually involve the synergistic integration of internal and external forms and activities belonging to and impacting many different complementary domains of the present framework, often blending all artistic modes of expression into aesthetically coherent wholes that also involve cognitive, attentional, imaginative, ethical, mythical, cultural, and other domains and factors which, when viewed at different scales of time and space, can have profound historical and even civilizational import (Gruau, 1999; Jousse, 2008), and are thus hard to reduce to the notion of "set and settings" sometimes employed in e.g. psychedelic studies to describe the proximal conditions in which a substance is ingested.
{{hlist|[[Biological rhythms and cycles]]|[[Cardiovascular and respiratory system]]|[[Endocrine system]]|[[Fascia]]|[[Gastrointestinal system]]|[[Immune system]]|[[Genome]]|[[Lymphatic system]]|[[Metabolism]]|[[Muscles and bones]]|}}{{hlist|[[Nervous system]]|[[Other relevant biological characteristics of the individual]] |[[Proteome]]|[[Reproductive system]]|[[Sensory systems]]|[[Skin and hair]]|[[Urinary system]]}}
 
=== Behavior and Action ===
This experiential domain often involves complex emotions, cognitive and arousal changes, depth of meaning, paradigmatic and/or axiological components, and an overall sense of pleasure or appreciation disconnected from the direct hedonic tone of individual aspects of the experience — e.g. an aesthetic experience may involve painful or unpleasant specifics and yet be overall deeply valued and appraised as overall "pleasant" or beneficial (Sandilands, 2019; Schaeffer, 2015). The relationship between pleasure, values and aesthetic experiences is complicated: many religious or spiritual traditions are rather "puritanical" in the sense that they do not inherently value pleasure, or only certain kinds of pleasures (e.g. the pleasure born from "seclusion from the hindrances" in early buddhism). Yet many traditional religious figures seem to have fond deep meaning, beatuy and personal significance — thus perhaps a sense of pleasure derived from an overall appreciation as well — in experiences which by all means seem extremely unpleasant. One may think of transverberation experiences described by Terésa of Àvila, and its sculpted counterpart.
 
Aesthetic experiences also involve a degree of immersion into the sensate qualities of a given phenomenon or work of art, for themselves, i.e. without an instrumental goal, and a ''defamiliarization'', i.e. they often involve the voluntary or involuntary suspension of pre-conceived judgments and perceptive habits, of what Husserl called the "natural attitude" which quickly categorizes and reifies surroundings and objects into a familiar world. After all, classical phenomenology associated with Husserl, starts with the gesture of épochè, which means "suspending" the belief in the intrinsic existence of the largely socioculturally conditioned "natural" objects and entities of perception around us, and instead returning "to things themselves", i.e., phenomena as they appear. This can also be "imposed" by something "striking", whether captivating beauty, or  the surprise of something threatening in the environment, drawing the attention of the subject out of the default roaming mode of attention, out of ruminations, projections, and familiarity, into a raw and intensified world of experience often infused with a sense of novelty.
 
The intensification of aesthetic experiences can sometimes be accompanied by varying levels of unease or fear, and the defamiliarization criterion may in part explain why. Famously, enlightenment philosopher Kant saw experiences of the "sublime" as one degree above aesthetic experiences, differing from it by the fact that they supposedly come with a sense of fear. It seems common sense that more radical defamiliarization should lead from a sense of novelty to a sense of mystery. Considerations on the relationship between attention, arousal, and fear found in the arousal/vigilance section below, can inform these observations. This is why we also include in this domain experiences linked with a sense of devotion- or fear-inspiring holiness, mystery, divinity, sanctity, sacredness, etc., all of which may be viewed as the "numinous", a term used by Rudolf Otto and later by the likes of Carl Jung to refer to these types of feelings — be it mysterium ''augustum'' (majestic) or mysterium ''tremendum'' (awe-inspiring). "The most beautiful emotion we can have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion that stands at the cradle of true art and true science. [...]  It was the experience of mystery — even if mixed with fear — that engendered religion" Albert Einstein.
 
Interestingly, the english words "whole", "holy", and "health" have shared etymological histories, while the french equivalents to healthy ("sain") and saint ("saint") have latin words "sanus" and "sanctus" which are also cognate.
 
There seems to be some relationship between aesthetic experiences and emergent development trajectories (e.g., certain stages of meditation/ phases of mystical itineraries seem associated with particular kinds or higher likeliness of going through aesthetic experiences etc.) but this relationship is not straightforward (Sandilands, 2019).
 
The aesthetic domain may entail a larger meaning. In its more general, etymological sense, aesthetics can refer to the laws of sensibility itself as opposed to the sphere of rationality: the ancients thus divided lived experience into ''aesthesis'' and ''noesis'' (see the "Transcendental Esthetics" section in the ''Critique of Pure Reason'', Kant, 2007). In the context of aesthesis as sensibility, Kant declared "time" and "space" to be the transcendental, ''a priori'' forms of sensibility, i.e., he considered that all experience had temporal and spatial extension as a pre-condition.
 
Aesthetics thus relates with metaphysics and the domain of beliefs and paradigms, both in terms of people's lived experiences in this realm and in existing theoretical literature. Speaking of transcendentals, through many centuries in Western medieval philosophy, which drew on Greek thought, the tetrad of the Good, the One, the True, and the Beautiful, has been considered as "transcendentals" or "properties of being". The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "The manifold perfections of creatures — their truth, their goodness, their beauty all reflect the infinite perfection of God" (''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' [CCC], 1997, para. 41). In a ''Confessions'' paragraph where he recounts "being drawn to God", Augustine speaks of the experience as an ancient and fresh beauty ("pulchritudo tam antiqua et tam nova").
 
Hegel's work on aesthetics gave such epistemological importance to the experience of beauty and the relationship between ideas and artistic production, that some later authors argued he participated in the arising of a king of "religion of art" throughout the romantic period and beyond (Schaeffer, 2015).
 
Regardless of metaphysical debates, all of this speaks volume as to the enduring importance of aesthetic experience and beauty for humans. Examples of EPEEs linked with various psychedelics, meditation practices, or spontaneous related to this domain include:
 
A few examples of aesthetic experiences and phenomena as reported in recent research literature:
 
Increased '''Appreciation for music''' (Subjective Effect Index, [A]), Intense sense of '''Gracefulness''' (N,N-DMT, [11]), Experiencing a (sometimes “overwhelming”) sense of '''Holiness''' (Meditation [various], [l]), '''Mild to extreme experiences of beauty or the sublime''', either specific (such as perceiving "beautiful colors" [N,N-DMT, [11]), or not (Jhāna meditation, [t]; N,N-DMT, [11]; Ibogaine, [6]: '''Sense of Beauty''' (Jhāna meditation, [t]; Ibogaine, [6]; N,N-DMT, [11], Light (Ibogaine, [6], Extreme/intense (N,N-DMT, [11]), extreme '''Experience of the Sublime''' (N,N-DMT, [11]), Sense of '''Novelty''' — “Novelty enhancement (Subjective Effect Index, [A]) feeling of increased fascination, awe, and appreciation attributed to specific parts or the entirety of one's external environment”; Seeing the world as new (Subjective Effect Index, [A]), Intense sense of '''Purity''' (N,N-DMT, [11]), '''Sublimation''', i.e. '''Finding beauty in a previously difficult experience''' (e.g. re-experiencing a past trauma "with a sense of the beauty of it") (Buddhist meditation NOS, [e]), Transfigured perception of "the world" or "life", ''e.g.'' Perceiving "life" as "a golden world" (Spontaneous NOS, [δ]) or '''Perceiving the visual world as a "Magical landscape"''' infused with "the experience of location and non-location" (Meditation NOS, [b]).
 
==== References ====
''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' (2nd ed.). (1997). <nowiki>https://www.scborromeo2.org/catechism-of-the-catholic-church</nowiki>.
 
Daly, H. (2016). ''Shadowy Beauty: The Art of Hypnopompic Inquiry'' [Dissertation, California Institute of Integral Studies]. <nowiki>https://www.proquest.com/openview/87359d5dd856200d0b7e55adf186cc8d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y</nowiki>
 
Dufrenne, M. (2011). ''Phénoménologie de l’expérience esthétique [Phenomenology of the aesthetic experience].'' (2. éd). Paris: Presses Univ. de France.
 
Eliade, M. (1985). ''Symbolism, the sacred, and the arts'' (D. Apostopolos-Cappadona, Ed.). New York: Continuum.
 
Eliade, M. (1987). ''The sacred and the profane: the nature of religion'' (W. R. Trask, Trans.). Harcourt, Brace.
 
Gruau, M. (1999). ''L’Homme rituel. Anthropologie du rituel catholique français [The ritual Man. Anthropology of the french catholic ritual].'' Paris: Métailé.
 
Hegel, G.W.F. (1998). ''Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art''. Translated by T.M. Knox. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press.
 
Jousse, M. (2008). ''L’anthropologie du geste [Anthropology of the Gesture.]''. Gallimard.
 
Kant, I. (2007). "Transcendental aesthetics" ''in Critique of pure reason'' (M. Weigelt, Ed.; F. M. Müller, Trans.). London: Penguin Books.
 
Otto, R. (1958). ''The idea of the holy: an inquiry into the non-rational factor in the idea of the divine and its relation to the rational''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 
Saint Augustine. (2008). ''Confessions'' (H. Chadwick, Trans.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 
Schaeffer, J.-M. (2015). ''L’expérience esthétique [The aesthetic experience]''. Paris: Editions Gallimard.
 
Sandilands, O. (2019). ''Comparative Phenomenology of Aesthetic and Meditative Experiences''. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.
 
Vallet, O. (1991). Le sain et le saint [The healthy and the holy]. ''Mots'', ''26''(1), 107–108. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3406/mots.1991.1598</nowiki>
 
==== Arousal and vigilance/wakefulness ====
 
==== Beliefs and Worldviews ====
 
==== Cognition ====
 
==== Desire and Pleasure ====
 
==== Emotions ====
 
==== Existential domain ====
 
==== Intuition ====
 
==== Language, Symbols, and Meaning ====
 
==== Perception ====
 
==== Psychology ====
 
==== Sense spheres ====
 
==== Sexuality ====
 
==== Space and Time ====
 
==== Values and Virtues ====
 
==== Will ====
 
=== Physiology and biological systems ===
 
==== Cardiovascular and Respiratory ====
 
==== Endocrinian ====
 
==== Gastrointestinal ====
 
==== Skin and hair ====
 
==== Urinary system ====
 
==== Muscles and bones ====
 
==== Lymphatic system ====
 
==== Immune system ====
 
===== The Brain-Immune-Gut triangle =====
 
===== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis =====
 
===== Inflammatory theory of disease =====
 
==== Nervous system ====
 
===== Central NS =====
 
====== Conectome ======
 
====== Neuroplasticity ======


====== Neurochemistry ======
There is a spectrum of scales in time and space to consider here, from short "internal" micro-gestures<ref>Petitmengin, C. (2007). Towards the Source of Thoughts. The Gestural and Transmodal Dimension of Lived Experience. ''Journal of Consciousness Studies'', ''14''(3), 54–82. <nowiki>https://clairepetitmengin.fr/AArticles%20versions%20finales/JCS%20-%20Source.pdf</nowiki></ref> (e.g. meditative activities<ref>Sparby, T., & Sacchet, M. D. (2022). Defining Meditation: Foundations for an Activity-Based Phenomenological Classification System. ''Frontiers in Psychology'', ''12'', 795077. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795077</nowiki></ref>, reactivity patterns<ref>McLeod, K. (2001). ''Wake up to your life: discovering the Buddhist path of attention'' (1st ed). San Francisco: HarperSanFranciso.</ref>) to long-term "external" behaviors and habits like lifestyle choices.


===== Peripheral NS =====
{{hlist|[[Ethics]]|[[Habits and Lifestyle (Diet, Sleep, Physical activity...)]]|[[Verbal and Non-verbal expression (Movements, Gestures, Expression/Communication style, Tone of voice, Attitudes, Demeanor, etc.)]]|[[Skills and Challenges]]|[[Motricity (Balance, Bodily control, Coordination, Gross and fine motor patterns, Reflexes)]]|[[Practice/Modality factors (Consistency, Fit, Practice-related risk factors, Practice type)]]|[[Sociocultural/demographic characteristics of individuals (Gender, Age, Occupation, Education level, Wealth)]]}}


===== Somatic NS =====
Capacity to elicit reactions from social environment (Charm, Agreeableness, Benevolence, Attractiveness, etc.)
 
===== Autonomic NS =====
 
====== Sympathetic ======
 
====== Parasympathetic ======
 
===== Enteric NS =====
 
==== Reproductive system ====
 
==== Genome ====
 
==== Proteome ====
 
==== Metabolism ====
 
==== Fascia ====
 
==== Biological rhythms and cycles ====
 
==== Other relevant biological characteristics of the individual ====
 
=== Behavior and Action ===


== Society and Culture ==
== Society and Culture ==
 
{{hlist|[[Sociocultural characteristics of individuals (Occupation, Education level, Wealth)]]|[[Family]]|[[School/Work]]|[[Community]]|[[Subculture]]|[[Culture]]|[[Society]]|[[Civilization]]}}
=== Family ===
== Environment ==
 
{{hlist|[[Cosmic Influences]]|[[Fauna]]|[[Flora]]|[[Geography]]|[[Geology]]|[[Natural Cycles]]}}
=== School/Work ===
= Main sources =
 
=== Community ===
 
=== Subculture ===
 
=== Culture ===
 
=== Society ===
 
== Ecological Level ==
 
=== Cosmic Influences ===
 
=== Fauna ===
 
=== Flora ===
 
=== Geography ===
 
=== Geology ===
 
=== Natural Cycles ===
 
== Sources ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|Reference
|Reference
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|Multidisciplinary and varied qualitative and theoretical sources
|Multidisciplinary and varied qualitative and theoretical sources
|}
|}
== Other references ==

Latest revision as of 10:25, 13 March 2025

A seemingly outstanding barrier to our field is that various disciplines with different themes of interest, goals, histories, and socioeconomic incentives are insufficiently connected. We believe that skilful dialog between the sometimes seemingly orthogonal perspectives and focuses of the academic disciplines (the humanities and sciences), modern medical disciplines, and spiritual, mystical or religious traditions, can lead to a fruitful, integrative synergy to advance our understanding of emergent experiences and development in all of their intricately related dimensions and complexity. It is to that end that the present framework was developed. After reviewing and synthesizing various existing such frameworks with overlapping aims (see below, section "main sources"), we came up with three major levels with further subdivisions, focusing on the individual first, then on the different aspects of social and cultural life, and finally the ecological level.

Individual Level

Subjectivity

This covers all relevant domains of experiencing, which constitute the manifest world or the field of consciousness for a given individual from their own perceptual perspective. As is the case overall with this framework, not all domains will be of equal relevance. Note that from a phenomenological perspective, this is the "first-person view", while from a medical perspective, this corresponds to symptoms.

Physiology and Biological systems

Third-person phenomenology, and what, to a medical doctor, would be the domain of "signs". A lot of the elements of in the previous section also manifest or have correlates on this level, but not all of them — for instance the content of mental images is hard to observe apart from a 1st person perspective. In the case of the physiology of emergence and emergent phenomena, it seems that e.g. the skeleton or the genome are unlikely to be changed much, while changes in more plastic components like the brain-immune-gut-system, heart-brain-axis, etc., could well be very significant mediators/correlates on the longer term.

Behavior and Action

There is a spectrum of scales in time and space to consider here, from short "internal" micro-gestures[1] (e.g. meditative activities[2], reactivity patterns[3]) to long-term "external" behaviors and habits like lifestyle choices.


Capacity to elicit reactions from social environment (Charm, Agreeableness, Benevolence, Attractiveness, etc.)

Society and Culture

Environment

Main sources

Reference Name of model Discipline/Field
1. Bickley, L. S., Szilagyi, P. G., & Hoffman, R. M. (2017). Bates’ guide to physical examination and history taking (Twelfth edition). Wolters Kluwer. Physiological Systems Medicine
2. Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2007). The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (1st ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114 Bioecological Model of Human Development Developmental Psychology
3. Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-126 Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Psychiatry/Medicine
4. Emmons, R. A., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2003). The Psychology of Religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 377–402. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145024 Multilevel Interdisciplinary Paradigm (MIP) Psychology of religion
5. Engel, G. L. (1978). The Biopsychosocial Model and The Education Of Health Professionals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 310(1), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb22070.x Biopsychosocial Model Theory of health
6. Lehman, B. J., David, D. M., & Gruber, J. A. (2017). Rethinking the biopsychosocial model of health: Understanding health as a dynamic system. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(8), e12328. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12328 Biopsychosocial Model (revised) Theory of health
7. Locke, R. G., & Kelly, E. F. (1985). A Preliminary Model for the Cross-Cultural Analysis of Altered States of Consciousness. Ethos, 13(1), 3–55. http://www.jstor.org/stable/640008 Preliminary Model for the Cross-Cultural Analysis of Altered States of Consciousness Cross-cultural Anthropology
8. Mahoney, A., & Shafranske, E. P. (2013). Envisioning an integrative paradigm for the psychology of religion and spirituality. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol 1): Context, theory, and research. (pp. 3–19). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-001 Integrative Paradigm for the Psychology of R/S Psychology of R/S
9. Riggs, D. W., Yeager, R. A., & Bhatnagar, A. (2018). Defining the Human Envirome: An Omics Approach for Assessing the Environmental Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation Research, 122(9), 1259–1275. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311230 Human Envirome Health and the Environment
10. Schoenberg, P. L. A., & Gonzalez, K. M. (2022). Systematic Review of High-Dimensional Omics in Mind-Body Medicine. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 07(04), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.2204052 High-Dimensional Omics in Mind-Body Medicine Mechanistic accounts of mind-body medicine based on inflammatory markers
11. Taves, A. (2020). Mystical and Other Alterations in Sense of Self: An Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 669–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619895047 Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences Psychology and Nonordinary Experiences
12. Vion-Dury, J., & Mougin, G. (2016). Modalisations Of The Consciousness Field: A Phenomenological And Morphodynamic Approach. PSN - psychiatrie, sciences humaines, neurosciences. https://hal.science/hal-01580235/document Phenomenological and Morphodynamic Model of the Consciousness Field Phenomenology and medicine
13. Wright, M. J., Sanguinetti, J. L., Young, S., & Sacchet, M. D. (2023). Uniting Contemplative Theory and Scientific Investigation: Toward a Comprehensive Model of the Mind. Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02101-y THIN Model Contemplative science
14. General Inventory of Emergent Phenomena in Sandilands, O., & Ingram, D. M. (2024). Documenting and defining emergent phenomenology: theoretical foundations for an extensive research strategy. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1340335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1340335 Domains of Experience and Function Multidisciplinary and varied qualitative and theoretical sources

Other references

  1. ↑ Petitmengin, C. (2007). Towards the Source of Thoughts. The Gestural and Transmodal Dimension of Lived Experience. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 14(3), 54–82. https://clairepetitmengin.fr/AArticles%20versions%20finales/JCS%20-%20Source.pdf
  2. ↑ Sparby, T., & Sacchet, M. D. (2022). Defining Meditation: Foundations for an Activity-Based Phenomenological Classification System. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 795077. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795077
  3. ↑ McLeod, K. (2001). Wake up to your life: discovering the Buddhist path of attention (1st ed). San Francisco: HarperSanFranciso.
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